Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

In previous papers authors have considered agents as inertia less self driven particles and designed a flocking algorithm. Application of this algorithm to agents with considerable inertial characteristics needs a behavioural controller. The controller uses the local information and helps every agent to imitate the desired behaviour as a member of the flocking frame which covers the main issue in this paper. All agents are assumed to possess limited identical influencing/sensing radius. The sliding-mode control technique is used, hence; effect of bounded disturbances and uncertainties can be omitted too. Once inertial agents are equipped with the behavioral controller, the multi-agent system behaves similar to a group of self-driven inertia-less particles which; coordination control algorithms and cohesion analyses are previously designed for.

Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) as the dependent variable is affected by the factors and elements of domestic level and also by the factors and elements of macro structural level as independent variables. Meanwhile, the present study aims at clarifying the dialectics of structural factors (regional-international developments) and those at agent level (Saudi Arabia's domestic developments) in shaping the Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against Iran. The present study, by means of structure-agent approach, seeks to explore the roots of shaping Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against the IRI in the interval of 2011-2013 and the concerned signals and proofs of the Saudi behavior as a question. The outcome of the present study suggests that the developments at the macro-structural level such as the international anarchy, the change of US strategy as a superpower, change in the order and balance between and among the regional powers after the Arabian uprisings of 2011 along with change at Saudi agent level, i. e. the rise of Mohammad bin Salman's team as the offensive elites, led to the shaping of Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against Iran in 2011-2018. Admittedly, these developments at the macro-structural level along with the domestic ones in Saudi Arabia resulted in shaping Saudi’ s aggressive behavior against Iran in a bilateral dialectical equation. In the same vein, the proofs of this behavior against Iran at the two levels of structure and agent include the creation of military-security coalition, establishment of amicable relations with Israel, exertion of institutional pressures, economic war, media-propaganda war and endeavor to exacerbate Iran's home unrests.

Theories that explain social phenomena can be categorized based on their stress on agent or structure as: agent-oriented theories, structure-oriented theories, or borderline theories that attempt to find a third way. Voluntarists (including rational choice theorists) stress on the role of the agent. On the other hand, structuralists and post-structuralists stress on the role of the structure. However, the structuration and critical realism theories try to find equilibrium of the past two views.The weak point of voluntarism is the reduction of complex issues to the role of people in the society and history. The discourse theories well depict how the subject turns into object in the heart of the discourse. On the other hand, the weak point of structuralism is ignoring the role of people. Instead, the borderline theories (third category) do not suffer from the limitations of the other mentioned theories and overall seem more defendable.

Stories that are told to teenagers are one of the referable resources for them to better understand the accepted frames of society. These works can also increase their decision-making ability to solve the challenges of entering youth and adulthood. This research is a descriptive-analytical research using David Howarth`s social discourse analysis and Erving Goffman`s theory, analyzes and examines the novel by the Eperatoore Kalamat by Ahmad Akbarpour. Selecting theories about social and sociological discourse analysis is why it is possible to properly analyze the position a writer holds for adolescents. In the opinion of the author of the novel, because adults have more awareness and experience than adolescents are allowed to set paths for teenagers. But in order to follow this path, it is necessary to gain the trust of the teenager by giving him partial decisions and asking him for opinion. These novel describe teenage problems with older adults and adult mistakes in treating teenagers, but they know the key to the communication between these two age groups in the hands of adults and the behavior of teenagers completely dependent on the behavior of older people around them.